Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived lipid bilayers secreted by bacteria and
eukaryotic cells. Bacterial membrane vesicles were discovered over 60 years ago and have …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious
disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its …

Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical buds of the outer membrane filled with
periplasmic content and are commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. The production …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria,
EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the …

Epidemiological data from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health
Organization (WHO) statistics in 2017 show that 10.0 million people around the world …

Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria …

Bacterial cells communicate with host cells and other bacteria through the release of
membrane vesicles known as bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEV). BEV are established …

Membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanoparticles composed of lipid membranes that are
produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. MVs have been assigned …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases membrane vesicles packed with molecules that can
modulate the immune response. Because environmental conditions often influence the …

Human host and pathogen interaction is dynamic in nature and often modulated by co-
pathogens with a functional role in delineating the physiological outcome of infection. Co …