Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been
reported worldwide. The advent of variants of concern (VOCs) raises severe concerns amid …

Understanding how genotypes map onto phenotypes, fitness, and eventually organisms is
arguably the next major missing piece in a fully predictive theory of evolution. We refer to this …

Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics by a multitude of mechanisms. A central, yet
unsolved question is how resistance evolution affects cell growth at different drug levels …

CRISPR-Cas-based genome editing is widely used in bacteria at scales ranging from
construction of individual mutants to massively parallel libraries. This procedure relies on …

The rise of antibiotic resistance is a critical public health concern, requiring an
understanding of mechanisms that enable bacteria to tolerate antimicrobial agents. Bacteria …

With the molecular revolution in Biology, a mechanistic understanding of the genotype–
phenotype relationship became possible. Recently, advances in DNA synthesis and …

Deep mutational scanning is a powerful approach to investigate a wide variety of research
questions including protein function and stability. Here, we perform deep mutational …

Synonymous mutations result from the degeneracy of the genetic code. Most amino acids
are encoded by two or more codons, and mutations that change a codon to another …

Synonymous mutations are changes to DNA sequence, which occur within translated genes
but which do not affect the protein sequence. Although often referred to as silent mutations …

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) can reveal genetic variations associated with a
phenotype in the absence of any hypothesis of candidate genes. The problem of false …