Obliquely striated muscles occur in 17+ phyla, likely evolving repeatedly, yet the implications
of oblique striation for muscle function are unknown. Contrary to the belief that oblique …

The pen, or gladius, of the squid is an internalized shell. It serves as a site of attachment for
important muscle groups and as a protective barrier for the visceral organs. The pen's …

Great interest in the comparative physiology of hearts and their functions in Animalia has
emerged with classic papers on Limulus polyphemus and mollusks. The recurrent cardiac …

Hollow, cylindrical body plans, and obliquely striated muscles are characteristic of soft-
bodied invertebrates, and both affect the biomechanics of movement in these diverse …

We have discovered features of the nuchal joint in the squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, that are
unique compared with moveable joints in other animals. The joint's function is unclear but it …

Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer found in nature and is present
predominantly in the exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and cell wall of many organisms. It has …