Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have broad applications in industry and nanomedicine.
When NPs enter the body, interactions with the immune system are unavoidable. The innate …

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are endogenous nanoparticles involved in the transport and
metabolism of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides. HDL is well-known as the …

Recent studies have shown that certain combinations of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists
can induce synergistic immune activation. However, it remains challenging to achieve such …

Immunostimulatory agents, including adjuvants, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies, hold
great potential for the treatment of cancer. However, their direct administration often results …

Nanoparticles (NPs) have promising applications in medicine. Immune system is an
important protective system to defend organisms from non‐self matters. NPs interact with the …

Purpose: Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines is a newly emerging and potent form of
immune therapy. As for any new technology, there are still considerable challenges that …

Chitosan (CS) and its water-soluble derivatives, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride
chitosan (HACC) and sulfated chitosan (SCS), were used as adjuvants of inactivated …

Various cancer therapies have advanced remarkably over the past decade. Unlike the direct
therapeutic targeting of tumor cells, cancer immunotherapy is a new strategy that boosts the …

Innate immunity is induced when pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) bind
host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid [poly (I: C)] is a …

Nanoparticles hold great promise for the delivery of therapeutics, yet limitations remain with
regards to the use of these nanosystems for efficient long-lasting targeted delivery of …