We review research showing that rumination has multiple negative consequences:(a)
exacerbating psychopathology by magnifying and prolonging negative mood states …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder that presents
several challenges for neuroscience. Recent advances in its genetic and developmental …

Progress in psychological science can be limited by a number of factors, not least of which
are the starting assumptions of scientists themselves. We believe that some influential …

Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

Classically, the basal ganglia have been considered to have a role in producing habitual
and goal-directed behaviours. In this article, we review recent evidence that expands this …

Consider the range of social behaviours we engage in every day. In each case, there are a
multitude of unknowns, reflecting the many sources of uncertainty inherent to social …

Prominent theories suggest that compulsive behaviors, characteristic of obsessive-
compulsive disorder and addiction, are driven by shared deficits in goal-directed control …

An enduring and richly elaborated dichotomy in cognitive neuroscience is that of reflective
versus reflexive decision making and choice. Other literatures refer to the two ends of what is …

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …