Sigma factors are multi-domain subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) that play
critical roles in transcription initiation, including the recognition and opening of promoters as …

The heat-shock response is a mechanism of cellular protection against sudden adverse
environmental growth conditions and results in the prompt production of various heat-shock …

Bacteria often cope with environmental stress by inducing alternative sigma (σ) factors,
which direct RNA polymerase to specific promoters, thereby inducing a set of genes called a …

Despite being nutrient rich, the tissues and fluids of vertebrates are hostile to
microorganisms, and most bacteria that attempt to take advantage of this environment are …

The Bae, Cpx, Psp, Rcs, and σE pathways constitute the Escherichia coli signaling systems
that detect and respond to alterations of the bacterial envelope. Contributions of these …

The Escherichia coli cell envelope is a protective barrier at the frontline of interaction with
the environment. Fidelity of envelope biogenesis must be monitored to establish and …

The σE, Cpx and Bae envelope stress responses of Escherichia coli are involved in the
maintenance, adaptation and protection of the bacterial envelope in response to a variety of …

The Cpx and σE signaling systems monitor the cell envelope in Escherichia coli. When
induced, each system triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the upregulation of factors …

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive signaling pathway utilized to sense and
alleviate the stress of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In mammals, the …

The Escherichia coli σE envelope stress response monitors and repairs the outer
membrane, a function central to the life of Gram-negative bacteria. The σE stress response …