Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by
hyperglycemia. Oral subcutaneously administered antidiabetic drugs such as insulin …

Ligand-modified nanocarriers (LMNCs) specific to their targets have attracted increasing
interest for enhanced oral drug delivery in recent decades. Although the design of LMNCs …

Background Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease with acquired
neuromuscular junction transmission disorders. In the last two decades, various …

Micro-and nano-scale particulate formulations are widely investigated towards improving the
oral bioavailability of both biologics and drugs with low solubility and/or low intestinal …

Oral insulin delivery has been extensively considered to achieve great patient compliance
and convenience as well as favourable glucose homeostasis. However, its application is …

Cardiovascular diseases are caused by hypercholesterolemia. Astaxanthin (AST) has been
reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its bioavailability …

Microbes regulate brain function through the gut-brain axis, deriving the technology to
modulate the gut-brain axis in situ by engineered probiotics. Optogenetics offers precise and …

Immunocompromised patients often fail to raise protective vaccine-induced immunity against
the global emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that arises when the body cannot
respond fully to insulin, leading to impaired glucose tolerance. Currently, the treatment …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second type of cancer with the highest lethality rate. The
current chemotherapy to treat CRC causes systemic toxicity, unsatisfying response rate, and …