This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI
is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International …

A signal, such as from a GNSS satellite or microwave sounding system, propagating in the
randomly inhomogeneous ionosphere, experiences chaotic modulations of its amplitude …

Scintillation caused by the electron density irregularities in the ionospheric plasma leads to
rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems …

This paper aims to provide an overview on recent advances in ionospheric modeling
capabilities, with the emphasis in the efforts relevant to electron density variability. The …

Irregularities in electron density usually correlate with ionospheric plasma perturbations.
These variations causing radio signal fluctuations, in response, generate ionospheric …

Deep signal fading during ionospheric scintillation possesses a threat to GNSS signal
tracking and degrades position, navigation, and timing solution accuracy. Understanding the …

In this study the climatology of ionospheric scintillations and the zonal drift velocities of
scintillation-producing irregularities are depicted for a station located under the southern …

Ionospheric perturbations affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves. These
perturbations, besides being a problem for space communications, satellite navigation, and …

Statistical models of the variability of plasma in the topside ionosphere based on the Swarm
data have been developed in the “Swarm Variability of Ionospheric Plasma”(Swarm-VIP) …

Ionospheric scintillations pose one of the biggest threats to Satellite-Earth communication
links in the communication and navigation systems services whose occurrence …