In agreement with the International Association for the Study of Pain, chronic pain is an
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue …

Importance Opioids administered to treat postsurgical pain are a major contributor to the
opioid crisis, leading to chronic use in a considerable proportion of patients. Initiatives …

Opioid overdoses and deaths continue to be a problem in the USA with a significant portion
related to prescribed opioid analgesic agents. The role of pharmacogentic factors in opioid …

Background Opioids are used for the treatment of refractory pain, but their inappropriate use
has detrimental consequences for health. Understanding the current experiences and …

Individual variation in opioid sensitivity can have a profound impact on the safety and
efficacy of equine veterinary treatments, with the ability to adequately manage equine pain …

Huonosti toteutettu kivunhoito on globaali ongelma ja aiheuttaa vuosittain valtaisat
kustannukset ja tarpeetonta inhimillistä kärsimystä. Hyvä kivunhoito vaatii terveydenhuollon …