Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of patient-specific auricular cartilage constructs
could aid in the reconstruction process of traumatically injured or congenitally deformed ear …

Biomineralization is the process in which organisms use minerals to generate hard
structures like teeth, skeletons and shells. Biomineralization is proposed to have evolved …

Some decellularized musculoskeletal extracellular matrices (ECM) s derived from tissues
such as bone, tendon and fibrocartilaginous meniscus have already been clinical use for …

Background Although the vertebrate skeleton arose in the sea 500 million years ago, our
understanding of the molecular fingerprints of chondrocytes and osteoblasts may be biased …

Although hyaline cartilage is widely distributed in various invertebrate groups such as
sabellid polychaetes, molluscs (cephalopods, gastropods) and a chelicerate arthropod …

BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the leading cause of lower back
pain. Disc degeneration is characterized by reduced cellularity and decreased production of …

Amoxicillin is widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases during pregnancy;
however, the effects of prenatal amoxicillin exposure (PAE) on fetal development remain …

Vertebrates are the only animals that produce bone, but the molecular genetic basis for this
evolutionary novelty remains obscure. Here, we synthesize information from traditional …

Members of the alx gene family encode transcription factors that contain a highly conserved
Paired-class, DNA-binding homeodomain, and a C-terminal OAR/Aristaless domain …

Urochordates (ascidians) have recently supplanted cephalochordates (amphioxus) as the
extant sister taxon of vertebrates. Given that urochordates possess migratory cells that have …