▪ Abstract The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has brought
together a broad community of scientists interested in measuring the neural basis of the …

Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance
imaging has been used extensively to map regional changes in brain activity. The signal …

There is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of
motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is …

Contributions of glial cells to neuroenergetics have been the focus of extensive debate. Here
we provide positron emission tomography evidence that activation of astrocytic glutamate …

Neural activity in the brain is accompanied by changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and
blood oxygenation that are detectable with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) …

Remarkably, despite its relatively small size, the brain accounts for about 20% of the oxygen
and, hence, calories consumed by the body (1). This high rate of metabolism is remarkably …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has provided remarkable benefits for people with a variety of
neurologic conditions. Stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus can …

The haemodynamic responses to neural activity that underlie the blood-oxygen-level-
dependent (BOLD) signal used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain …

Optical approaches to investigate cerebral function and metabolism have long been applied
in invasive studies. From the neuron cultured in vitro to the exposed cortex in the human …

The brain neuronal systems defined by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) have since long
a recognized role in the regulation of motor functions. More recently, converging evidence …