Motile cilia are highly complex hair-like organelles of epithelial cells lining the surface of
various organ systems. Genetic mutations (usually with autosomal recessive inheritance) …

Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is the primary innate defense mechanism of the lung. The
functional components are the protective mucous layer, the airway surface liquid layer, and …

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Impaired
function of motile cilia causes failure of mucociliary clearance. Patients typically present with …

The core axoneme structure of both the motile cilium and sperm tail has the same
ultrastructural 9+ 2 microtubular arrangement. Thus, it can be expected that genetic defects …

Sperm malformation is a direct factor for male infertility. Multiple morphological abnormalities
of the flagella (MMAF), a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia, are characterized by …

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic ciliopathy in which mucociliary clearance
is disturbed by the abnormal motion of cilia or there is a severe reduction in the generation …

The axoneme is the main extracellular part of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes. It consists of a
microtubule cytoskeleton, which normally comprises nine doublets. In motile cilia, dynein …

Motile cilia and sperm flagella share an evolutionarily conserved axonemal structure. Their
structural and/or functional defects are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a …

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare multiorgan disease caused by genetic mutations
resulting in defects in motile cilia. Because cilia are responsible for clearing the secretions …

Asthenozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility, but its etiology remains
incompletely understood. We recruited three Pakistani infertile brothers, born to first-cousin …