Addiction was suggested to emerge from the progressive dominance of habits over goal-
directed behaviors. However, it is generally assumed that habits do not persist in choice …

Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Here we
review studies that indicate that compulsive drug use, and in particular punishment …

Highlights•Substance addiction is characterized by loss of control over substance use.•Loss
of control can be studied in animal models using punishment paradigms.•Quinine …

Addictive substance use impairs cognitive flexibility, with unclear underlying mechanisms.
The reinforcement of substance use is mediated by the striatal direct-pathway medium spiny …

Habits have garnered significant interest in studies of associative learning and maladaptive
behavior. However, habit research has faced scrutiny and challenges related to the …

The prelimbic prefrontal cortex is necessary for associating actions with their consequences,
enabling goal-directed decision making. We find that the strength of action–outcome …

Paradigms used to study the response to and consequences of exposure to reward loss
have been underutilized in approaches to the psychobiology of substance use disorders …

Habits are theorized to play a key role in compulsive cocaine seeking, yet there is limited
methodology for assessing habitual responding for intravenous (IV) cocaine. We developed …

Cue exposure therapy (CET) reduces craving induced by drug-associated cues in
individuals with substance use disorders. A preclinical model of CET, cue extinction …

Purpose Co-occurring schizophrenia spectrum disorder and International Statistical
Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision cocaine dependence present a particularly …