Recent global temperature reconstructions for the current interglacial period (the Holocene,
beginning 11,700 years ago) have generated contrasting trends. This Review examines …

Tropical cyclones (TCs, also known as hurricanes and typhoons) generally form at low
latitudes with access to the warm waters of the tropical oceans, but far enough off the …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

An extensive new multi-proxy database of paleo-temperature time series (Temperature 12k)
enables a more robust analysis of global mean surface temperature (GMST) and associated …

Fossil pollen records are well-established indicators of past vegetation changes. The
prevalence of pollen across environmental settings including lakes, wetlands, and marine …

BACKGROUND Effects of recent global warming have been documented in every biome on
Earth. Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services against future impacts requires …

Anthropogenic climate change is currently driving environmental transformation on a scale
and at a pace that exceeds historical records. This represents an undeniably serious …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM,~ 21,000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating
how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those …