Myocardial necrosis triggers an inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells
and matrix debris, while activating reparative pathways necessary for scar formation. A …

Background and Purpose—Adenosine in many types of RNAs can be converted to m6A (N6-
methyladenosine) which is a highly dynamic epitranscriptomic modification that regulates …

Neuroinflammatory mediators play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia,
exerting either deleterious effects on the progression of tissue damage or beneficial roles …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are∼ 22 nucleotides long, noncoding RNAs that control cellular
function by either degrading mRNAs or arresting their translation. To understand their …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription
factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The 3 PPAR isoforms (alpha, delta/beta …

The galanin peptide family consists of the “parental” galanin, galanin-message-associated
peptide (GMAP) which derives from the same peptide precursor gene product as galanin …

In the decade following their initial discovery, the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)
proteins have been studied for their potential use as immunomodulators in disease. SOCS …

The Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3)
signaling pathway, a well-conserved and basic intracellular signaling cascade, is mostly …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is pleiotropic cytokine involved in many central nervous system disorders
including stroke, and elevated serum IL-6 has been found in acute stroke patients. IL-6 is …

Ischemic tolerance describes the adaptive biological response of cells and organs that is
initiated by preconditioning (ie, exposure to stressor of mild severity) and the associated …