Social exclusion is pervasive throughout development. In this article, I explore the factors
involved in children's and adolescents' reasoning about and evaluation of group‐based …

Morality is a central aspect of social life and has been at the core of psychological theories
for more than a century. The scientific study of morality poses enduring questions about how …

Moral reasoning plays a central role in psychological functioning throughout the life span.
From Aristotle, to Darwin, to Durkheim, and to Freud, theorists have viewed morality as …

Research indicates that in-group favoritism is prevalent among both adults and children.
Although research has documented that individuals do not consistently display an in-group …

Prejudice and bias emerge in childhood. Research has shown that children's prejudice
against outgroup members is multifaceted, ranging from implicit biases to overtly explicit …

This study investigated children's evaluations of peer group members who deviated from
group norms about equal and unequal allocation of resources. Children, ages 3.5 to 4 years …

Being a member of a peer group involves making decisions about whom to include in or
exclude from the group. Sometimes these decisions are related to whether members of the …

Adolescents' evaluations of discriminatory race‐based humor and their expectations about
peer responses to discrimination were investigated in 8th‐(Mage= 13.80) and 10th‐grade …

Human cultural groups value conformity to arbitrary norms (eg, rituals, games) that are the
result of collective “agreement.” Ninety‐six 3‐year‐olds had the opportunity to agree upon …

This study examined how intergroup processes and social‐cognitive factors shape
bystander responses to bias‐based and general bullying. Participants included sixth and …