There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can
alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by …

Philosophers defined the eye as a window to the soul long before scientists addressed this
cliché to determine its scientific basis and clinical relevance. Anatomically and …

Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota modulates brain development and
behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we show that …

Microglial cells are the main innate immune cells of the complex cellular structure of the
brain. These cells respond quickly to pathogens and injury, accumulate in regions of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to
pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands. TLR signaling in immune cells, glia …

The membrane receptor Toll and the related Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for
their universal function in innate immunity. However, Toll/TLRs were initially discovered in a …

Following CNS injury, in an apparently counterintuitive response, scar tissue formation
inhibits axonal growth, imposing a major barrier to regeneration. Accordingly, scar …

Background & Aims Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterised by high short-term
mortality, systemic inflammation, and failure of hepatic regeneration. Its treatment is a major …

Tumors contain hostile inflammatory signals generated by aberrant proliferation, necrosis,
and hypoxia. These signals are sensed and acted upon acutely by the Toll-like receptors …

Regenerative processes occurring under physiological (maintenance) and pathological
(reparative) conditions are a fundamental part of life and vary greatly among different …