The major current conventional types of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treatments include
surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Introducing …

The skeletal system is the third most common site for cancer metastases, surpassed only by
the lungs and liver. Many tumors, especially those of the breast, prostate, lungs, and …

The immune system is strongly linked to the maintenance of healthy bone. Inflammatory
cytokines, specifically, are crucial to skeletal homeostasis and any dysregulation can result …

Cytokines are highly inducible, secretory proteins that mediate intercellular communication
in the immune system. They are grouped into several protein families that are referred to as …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of cells, soluble factors, signaling molecules,
extracellular matrix, and mechanical cues that can promote neoplastic transformation …

Background This study evaluated the incidence of de novo bone metastasis across all
primary cancer sites and their impact on survival by primary cancer site, age, race, and sex …

The bone matrix is constantly remodeled by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming
osteoblasts. These two cell types are fundamentally different in terms of progenitor cells …

Bone metastasis occurs at≈ 70% frequency in metastatic breast cancer. The mechanisms
used by tumors to hijack the skeleton, promote bone metastases, and confer therapeutic …

Cell migration and invasiveness significantly contribute to desirable physiological
processes, such as wound healing or embryogenesis, as well as to serious pathological …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic secretory cytokine exhibiting both
cancer-inhibitory and promoting properties. It transmits its signals via Suppressor of Mother …