For more than a century, clinical investigators have focused on early life as a source of adult
psychopathology. Early theories about psychic conflict and toxic parenting have been …

Sex differences occur in most non-communicable diseases, including metabolic diseases,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric and neurological disorders and cancer. In …

Objective: Increased risk of psychopathology is observed in children exposed to maternal
prenatal distress, and elevated maternal cortisol and epigenetic regulation of placental …

Intrauterine stress induces increased risk of adult disease through fetal programming
mechanisms. Oxidative stress can be generated by several conditions, such as, prenatal …

Fetal development could be considered a sensitive period wherein exogenous insults and
changes to the maternal milieu can have long-term impacts on developmental programming …

Nutritional factors play a life-long role in human health. Indeed, there is growing evidence
that one of the mechanisms by which nutrients and bioactive compounds affect metabolic …

Heat stress during the dry period affects the cow's mammary gland development,
metabolism, and immunity during the transition period. However, the effect of late-gestation …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 625–634 Abstract Condition is a nearly ubiquitous term in the
behavioural, physiological and evolutionary ecology literature; however, existing definitions …

Although sex biases in disease presentation are well documented, the mechanisms
mediating vulnerability or resilience to diseases are unknown. In utero insults are more likely …