Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible
number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident …

Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD 4+ T‐cell
depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune …

Characterization of the immune responses induced in the initial stages of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is of critical importance for an understanding …

Two of the crucial aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are (i) viral
persistence in reservoirs (precluding viral eradication) and (ii) chronic inflammation (directly …

Surviving a given infection requires the generation of a controlled immune response. Failure
to establish or restore homeostatic conditions during or following the onset of an infection …

African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with the AGM type of SIV (SIVagm) do not develop
chronic immune activation and AIDS, despite viral loads similar to those detected in humans …

Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and
constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells …

Upon transmission to a new host, HIV targets CCR5+ CD4+ effector memory T cells,
resulting in acute, massive depletion of these cells from mucosal effector sites. This …

Chronic immune activation and progression to AIDS are observed after SIV infection in
macaques but not in natural host primate species. To better understand this dichotomy, we …