Tooth enamel is the outer covering of tooth crowns, the hardest material in the mammalian
body, yet fracture resistant. The extremely high content of 95 wt% calcium phosphate in …

Sexual division of labor with females as gatherers and males as hunters is a major empirical
regularity of hunter-gatherer ethnography, suggesting an ancestral behavioral pattern. We …

The sexual division of labor among human foraging populations has typically been
recognized as involving males as hunters and females as gatherers. Recent archeological …

This article seeks to bring focus to the state of awareness of gender concerns in
archaeology. It seeks to do so through addressing three key points. The first of these is a …

The warrior woman has long been part of the Viking image, with a pedigree that extends
from the Valkyries of Old Norse prose and poetry to modern media entertainment. Until …

Osteobiography provides a rich basis for understanding the past, but its conceptual
framework has not been outlined systematically. It stands in conceptual opposition to a …

Why is war so closely associated with men? Is it an expression of male nature or a product of
culture? This survey of masculinity and war considers the proposition that men are …

Summary We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the
Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and …

In 1968, a weapon grave with brooches was found at Suontaka Vesitorninmäki, Hattula,
Finland. Since then, the grave has been interpreted as evidence of powerful women, even …

Intergroup conflict has been a persistent aspect of human societies since the emergence of
our species. Various researchers have proposed that competition between groups has acted …