The genotype–fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution,
yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its …

Robustness is the invariance of phenotypes in the face of perturbation. The robustness of
phenotypes appears at various levels of biological organization, including gene expression …

Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines
the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its …

The concept of a fitness landscape is a powerful metaphor that offers insight into various
aspects of evolutionary processes and guidance for the study of evolution. Until recently …

Mildly deleterious mutation has been invoked as a leading explanation for a diverse array of
observations in evolutionary genetics and molecular evolution and is thought to be a …

Digital organisms are computer programs that self-replicate, mutate and adapt by natural
selection,,. They offer an opportunity to test generalizations about living systems that may …

Many multicellular eukaryotes have reasonably high per-generation mutation rates.
Consequently, most populations harbor an abundance of segregating deleterious alleles …

Since Bateson's discovery that genes can suppress the phenotypic effects of other genes,
gene interactions—called epistasis—have been the topic of a vast research effort. Systems …

Despite many years of theoretical and experimental work, the explanation for why sex is so
common as a reproductive strategy continues to resist understanding. Recent empirical work …

Fitness is a common currency in comparative biology. Without data on fitness, hypotheses
about the adaptive significance of phenotypes or basic mechanisms of evolution, for …