Despite substantial innovations in antiepileptic drug therapy over the past 15 years, the
proportion of patients with uncontrolled epilepsy has not changed, highlighting the need for …

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of
energy homeostasis through its action in the central nervous system. Leptin decreases body …

Neurons that utilize melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) as a neuromodulator are
located in the lateral hypothalamus and incerto-hypothalamic area, and project diffusely …

Carbamazepine (CBZ) aggravates many generalized seizures types, particularly absence
seizures, but the mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. GABA signaling within …

The lymph node is a structurally complex organ of the immune system, whose dynamic
cellular arrangements are thought to control much of human health. Currently, no methods …

The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) has been recognized as one of the key structures
responsible for the generation of non-REM (NREM) sleep. The melanin-concentrating …

Stress exerts profound inhibitory effects on reproductive function by suppression of the
pulsatile release of GnRH and therefore LH. Besides the corticotrophin-releasing factor …

Maternal aggression (maternal defense) is a fierce aggression produced by lactating
females toward intruders that plays an important role in protection of vulnerable offspring …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits substance transport to the brain and is therefore the
major hurdle to overcome when developing neuroactive drugs. Herein, we report on …

Stress suppresses the sense of pain, a physiological phenomenon known as stress-induced
analgesia (SIA). Brain orexin peptides regulate many physiological functions, including …