The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

After a 12-million-year (My) process, the Central American Isthmus was completed 2.8 My
ago. Its emergence affected current flow, salinity, temperature, and primary productivity of …

Evolution and Geological Significance of Larger Benthic Foraminifera is a unique,
comprehensive reference work on the larger benthic foraminifera. This second edition is …

▪ Abstract We examine the genetics of marine diversification along the West Coast of North
America in relation to the Late Neogene geology and climate of the region. Trophically …

The Standard Model of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama proposes that final closure
occurred at 4–3 Ma. The model is based on evidence from studies of marine stratigraphy …

Aim Determining which species are more prone to extinction is vital for conserving E arth's
biodiversity and for providing insight into macroevolutionary processes. This paper utilizes …

Paleontologists typically treat major episodes of extinction as single and distinct events in
which a major environmental perturbation results in a synchronous evolutionary response …

This book presents both state-of-the art knowledge from Recent coral reefs (1.8 million to a
few centuries old) gained since the eighties, and introduces geologists, oceanographers …

Toxic compounds may interfere with the genetic constitution of populations, either directly
through mutagenic activity, or indirectly via population-mediated processes (ie selection …

We present a framework distinguishing three principal controls of speciation rate: rate of
splitting, level of persistence, and length of speciation duration. We contend that discussions …