Gait and balance abnormalities develop commonly in Parkinson's disease and are among
the motor symptoms most disabling and refractory to dopaminergic or other treatments …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing
glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. These motor …

Motor behaviors are often planned long before execution but only released after specific
sensory events. Planning and execution are each associated with distinct patterns of motor …

Objectives The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is considered a promising target to
alleviate gait disorders. We aimed to evaluate the effects of PPN stimulation on motor …

Abstract Background High‐frequency (130–185 Hz) deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the
subthalamic nucleus is more effective for appendicular than axial symptoms in Parkinson's …

Background: Dopa-resistant freezing of gait (FOG) and falls represent the dominant motor
disabilities in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: We investigate the effects of …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by its cardinal motor symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity,
tremor, and postural instability. The underlying physiological dysfunction includes basal …

Background: Additional stimulation of the substantia nigra (SNr) has been proposed to target
axial symptoms and gait impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective …

Introduction Bradyphrenia is a key cognitive feature in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is no
consensus on whether information processing speed is impaired or not beyond motor …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a reticular collection of neurons at the junction of
the midbrain and pons, playing an important role in modulating posture and locomotion …