This article reviews and summarizes 200 years of Parkinson's disease. It comprises a
relevant history of Dr. James Parkinson's himself and what he described accurately and …

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia is a common complication in Parkinson disease. Pathogenic
mechanisms include phasic stimulation of dopamine receptors, nonphysiological levodopa …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the motor
symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and postural instability. However, non-motor …

The clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD) is heterogeneous and overlaps with
other conditions, including the parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P) …

Over the past three decades, neuroimaging studies—including structural, functional and
molecular modalities—have provided invaluable insights into the mechanisms underlying …

The dopamine (DA) precursor l-DOPA has been the most effective treatment for Parkinson's
disease (PD) for over 40 years. However, the response to this treatment changes with …

Real-time monitoring of various neurochemicals with high spatial resolution in multiple brain
regions in vivo can elucidate neural circuits related to various brain diseases. However …

Since their discovery in the mammalian brain, it has been apparent that serotonin (5-HT)
and dopamine (DA) interactions play a key role in normal and abnormal behavior …

Advances in molecular and structural and functional neuroimaging are rapidly expanding
the complexity of neurobiological understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review …