Fibrosis is defined as an excessive deposition of connective tissue components and can
affect virtually every organ system, including the skin, lungs, liver and kidney. Fibrotic tissue …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is widely recognized as a core pathway of fibrosis.
Inhibition of TGF-β signaling may thus offer potential for antifibrotic therapies. Long-term …

Most myocardial pathologic conditions are associated with cardiac fibrosis, the expansion of
the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although …

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor
proteins that promote ligand-dependent transcription of target genes that regulate energy …

At the simplest level, obesity is the manifestation of an imbalance between caloric intake and
expenditure; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the development of …

Intestinal fibrosis is one of the most threatening complications of Crohn's disease. It occurs in
more than a third of patients with this condition, is associated with increased morbidity and …

Extensive tissue fibrosis is the end-stage process of a number of chronic conditions affecting
the gastrointestinal tract, including inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative …

The use of biologic agents including anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibodies
followed by anti-integrins and anti-interleukins has drastically changed the treatment …

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐(PPAR‐) γ is a ligand‐dependent transcription
factor, and it has become evident that PPAR‐γ agonists have renoprotective effects, but their …

Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, possesses anti-fibritic effect; however, its inhibitory effect
on paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis is not completely understood. Here, we …