Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

Addiction is a complex disease that impacts millions of people around the world. Clinically,
addiction is formalized as substance use disorder (SUD), with three primary symptom …

Western diets rich in fat and sugar promote excess calorie intake and weight gain; however,
the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Despite a well-documented association between …

Dopamine (DA) acts as a key regulator in controlling emotion, and dysfunction of DA signal
has been implicated in the pathophysiology of some psychiatric disorders, including anxiety …

All mobile organisms rely on adaptive motivated behavior to overcome the challenges of
living in an environment in which essential resources may be limited. A variety of influences …

Prevailing frameworks propose that a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) is lower motivation. An important component of motivation is the willingness to …

It was first posited, more than five decades ago, that the etiology of schizophrenia involves
overstimulation of dopamine receptors. Since then, advanced clinical research methods …

Dopamine (DA) plays a key role in reward processing and is implicated in psychological
disorders such as depression, substance use, and schizophrenia. The role of DA in reward …

Corticosteroids (CORT) have been widely used in anti-inflammatory medication. Chronic
CORT treatment can cause mesocorticolimbic system dysfunctions, which are known to play …

Dopamine signalling is a crucial part of the brain reward system and can affect feeding
behaviour. Dopamine receptors are also expressed in the hypothalamus, which is known to …