Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to
formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude …

The lack of a conceptual understanding and unifying quantitative framework to guide
conduct and interpretation of laboratory oil toxicity tests, has led investigators to divergent …

Despite the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater fish has been demonstrated in
previous studies, their effects when mixed with other pollutants (organic and inorganic) are …

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have frequently been suspected of governing
crude oil toxicity because of similar morphological defects in fish. However, PAH …

Hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (HF-FPW) from shale gas extraction
processes is a highly complex medium with potential threats to the environment. Current …

Oil fate and exposure modeling addresses the complexities of oil composition, weathering,
partitioning in the environment, and the distributions and behaviors of aquatic biota to …

During toxicity testing, chemical analyses of oil and exposure media samples are needed to
allow comparison of results between different tests as well as to assist with identification of …

Early life stages of fish are highly sensitive to crude oil exposure and thus, short term
exposures during critical developmental periods could have detrimental consequences for …

Climate change, along with environmental pollution, can act synergistically on an organism
to amplify adverse effects of exposure. The Arctic is undergoing profound climatic change …

Tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are believed to be the primary toxic
components of crude oil. Such compounds including phenanthrene are known to have direct …