Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Neurological disorders can be modeled in animals so as to recreate specific pathogenic
events and behavioral outcomes. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common …

Neural circuits of the basal ganglia are critical for motor planning and action selection,,. Two
parallel basal ganglia pathways have been described, and have been proposed to exert …

Different striatal projection neurons are the origin of a dual organization essential for basal
ganglia function. We have defined an analogous division of labor in the external globus …

Neural interface technology has made enormous strides in recent years but stimulating
electrodes remain incapable of reliably targeting specific cell types (eg excitatory or …

Neurodegeneration describes the loss of neuronal structure and function. Numerous
neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neurodegeneration. Many are rare and …

Human idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
that is primarily characterized by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the …

Animal models are important tools in experimental medical science to better understand
pathogenesis of human diseases. Once developed, these models can be exploited to test …

The striatum is a major forebrain nucleus that integrates cortical and thalamic afferents and
forms the input nucleus of the basal ganglia,. Striatal projection neurons target the …

Lesions with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) have provided an important tool
to study dopamine neurons in the brain. The most common version of such lesions is the …