Addiction was suggested to emerge from the progressive dominance of habits over goal-
directed behaviors. However, it is generally assumed that habits do not persist in choice …

Objective This report reflects a meta-analysis that systematically reviewed the literature on
intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of nicotine in female and male rats. The goal was to …

Rationale Tobacco smoking is a leading preventable cause of premature death in the USA.
Menthol is a significant flavoring additive in tobacco products. Clinical evidence suggests …

The significant heterogeneity in smoking behavior among smokers, coupled with the
inconsistent efficacy of approved smoking cessation therapies, supports the presence of …

Physical or perceived (ie loneliness) social isolation is increasing in Western cultures.
Unfortunately, social isolation is associated with a range of negative physical and mental …

It is widely recognized that across the development of drug addiction, cues associated with
drug use come to exert increasing control over drug seeking and taking behaviors. However …

Animal models of relapse to drug-seeking have borrowed heavily from associative learning
approaches. In studies of relapse-like behaviour, animals learn to self-administer drugs then …

The orexin/hypocretin system is important for appetitive motivation towards multiple drugs of
abuse, including nicotine. Both OX1 and OX2 receptors individually have been shown to …

Reduction of nicotine content in tobacco products is a regulatory control strategy intended to
decrease smoking dependence, and is hypothesized to produce gradual reductions of …

Nicotine is acknowledged as the key addictive compound of tobacco. Varenicline
(Champix® or Chantix®), mainly acting as a partial agonist at the α4β2 nicotinic receptor, is …