Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by
progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It …

Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) plays a critical role in the mechanisms that allow cells to
adapt to various oxygen levels in the environment. Specifically, HIF‐1⍺ has shown to be …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in adult, and the accumulation of
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a major pathologic event in DR. Methylglyoxal …

Introduction Age-related diseases such as glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, are
having an upward trend due to an aging society. In glaucoma, some patients display altered …

Background: Inflammation is considered to be a link between diabetes and central nervous
system (CNS) disorders, including depression and anxiety. Metformin is suggested to have …

Metformin is one of the most commonly used oral hypoglycemic drugs in clinical practice,
with unique roles in neurodegeneration and vascular lesions. Neurodegeneration and …