Motile cilia are highly complex hair-like organelles of epithelial cells lining the surface of
various organ systems. Genetic mutations (usually with autosomal recessive inheritance) …

Reproduction involves a wide range of biological processes, including organ formation and
development, neuroendocrine regulation, hormone production, and meiosis and mitosis …

The human genome encodes approximately 20,000 proteins, many still uncharacterised. It
has become clear that scientific research tends to focus on well-studied proteins, leading to …

BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an
estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development …

The core axoneme structure of both the motile cilium and sperm tail has the same
ultrastructural 9+ 2 microtubular arrangement. Thus, it can be expected that genetic defects …

Spermatozoa contain highly specialized structural features reflecting unique functions
required for fertilization. Among them, the flagellum is a sperm-specific organelle required to …

Sperm malformation is a direct factor for male infertility. Multiple morphological abnormalities
of the flagella (MMAF), a severe form of asthenoteratozoospermia, are characterized by …

Aberrant sperm flagella impair sperm motility and cause male infertility, yet the genes which
have been identified in multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) can only …

Male infertility is an increasing and serious medical concern, though the mechanism
remains poorly understood. Impaired male reproductive function affects approximately half …

Male infertility is a major health concern. Among its different causes, multiple morphological
abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) induces asthenozoospermia and is one of the most …