Conspectus Over the past decade, we have developed a spectroscopic approach to
measure electric fields inside matter with high spatial (< 1 Å) and field (< 1 MV/cm) …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

Enzymes use protein architecture to impose specific electrostatic fields onto their bound
substrates, but the magnitude and catalytic effect of these electric fields have proven difficult …

The chemical reactions underlying the emission of light in fireflies and other bioluminescent
beetles are some of the most thoroughly studied processes by scientists worldwide. Despite …

Modern vibrational spectroscopy is more than just an analytical tool. Information about the
electronic structure of a molecule, the strength of its bonds, and its conformational flexibility …

The catalytic power of an electric field depends on its magnitude and orientation with respect
to the reactive chemical species. Understanding and designing new catalysts for …

Proteins exhibit structural fluctuations over decades of time scales. From the picosecond
side chain motions to aggregates that form over the course of minutes, characterizing protein …

The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the critical importance of understanding protein–
excipient interactions as a key step in the rational design of formulations to stabilize and …

What happens inside an enzyme's active site to allow slow and difficult chemical reactions to
occur so rapidly? This question has occupied biochemists' attention for a long time …

In place of functional groups that impose different inductive effects, we immobilize molecules
carrying thiol groups on a gold electrode. By applying different voltages, the properties of the …