Oxygen metabolism is essential for sustaining aerobic life, and normal cellular homeostasis
works on a fine balance between the formation and elimination of reactive oxygen species …

Diabetes causes metabolic and physiologic abnormalities in the retina, and these changes
suggest a role for inflammation in the development of diabetic retinopathy. These changes …

Optimal retinal neuronal cell function requires an appropriate, tightly regulated environment,
provided by cellular barriers, which separate functional compartments, maintain their …

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are increasingly employed in ophthalmology
to reduce miosis and inflammation, manage scleritis, and prevent and treat cystoid macular …

The blood–retinal barrier (BRB) plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of the
microenvironment in the retina. It consists of inner and outer components, the inner BRB …

Nitric oxide (NO) is widely recognized to be quite an important intercellular messenger in the
cardiovascular and nervous systems or immunological reactions, including that in the eye …

Type-2 diabetes prevalence is continuing to rise worldwide due to physical inactivity and
obesity epidemic. Diabetes and fluctuations of blood sugar are related to multiple micro-and …

Diabetic retinopathy, a severe sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, accounts
for a large number of cases of acquired, yet potentially avoidable, blindness. The principal …

The function of the retina is sensitive to oxygen tension. Any change in the perfusion
pressure of the eye affects the retina although the eye is able to autoregulate its …

The retinal vasculature can be viewed directly and noninvasively, offering a unique and
easily accessible “window” to study the health and disease of the human microcirculation in …