Malaria has been a major global health problem of humans through history and is a leading
cause of death and disease across many tropical and subtropical countries. Over the last …

The liver has vital metabolic and clearance functions that involve the uptake of nutrients,
waste products and pathogens from the blood. In addition, its unique immunoregulatory …

Naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malaria protects millions of people routinely
exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection from severe disease and death. There is no …

There are still approximately 500 million cases of malaria and 1 million deaths from malaria
each year. Yet recently, malaria incidence has been dramatically reduced in some parts of …

Malaria infection starts when the sporozoite stage of the Plasmodium parasite is injected into
the skin by a mosquito. Sporozoites are known to traverse host cells before finally invading a …

Plasmodium sporozoites are deposited in the skin of their vertebrate hosts through the bite
of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Most of these parasites find a blood vessel and …

Plasmodium sporozoites are the product of a complex developmental process in the
mosquito vector and are destined to infect the mammalian liver. Attention has been drawn to …

The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded by non-immunologists as
not having lymphoid function. However, such is far from accurate. This review highlights the …

Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium spp., starts with an asymptomatic phase, during
which sporozoites, the parasite form that is injected into the skin by a mosquito, develop into …

Fertilization is defined as the union of two gametes. During fertilization, sperm and egg fuse
to form a diploid zygote to initiate prenatal development. In mammals, fertilization involves …