Neonates have an immature immune system, which cannot adequately protect against
infectious diseases. Early in life, immune protection is accomplished by maternal antibodies …

Introduction As underlined by the late 2019 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccination remains the cornerstone of global health-care …

Background Adenovirus-vectored (Ad-vectored) vaccines are typically administered via im
injection to humans and are incapable of inducing respiratory mucosal immunity. However …

As the new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants and subvariants emerge, there is an urgency to
develop intranasal, broadly protective vaccines. Here, we developed highly efficacious …

Vaccine development, which began with Edward Jenner's observations in the late 18th
century, has entered its 4th century. From its beginnings, with the use of whole organisms …

Due to recent developments in biochemical engineering and in the understanding of the
physiopathology of many diseases, therapeutic biologics are expected to become of …

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and several other pathogenic microorganisms usually infect the host
via the surface cells of respiratory mucosa. Nasal vaccination could provide a strong …

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials of measles vaccination administered as aerosol are planned
with the aim of obtaining licensure. Measles antibody levels will be measured using the …

Background There is an urgent need for an effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine.
Heterologous prime–boost regimens induce potent cellular immunity. MVA85A is a …

Tuberculosis (TB) is a reemerging disease. The only available vaccine, Mycobacterium
bovis BCG, is delivered intradermally and confers highly variable efficacy against pulmonary …