Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) suppresses tumor formation since it inhibits cell growth
and promotes apoptosis. However, in advanced cancers TGFβ elicits tumor promoting …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the prototype for a large family of pleiotropic factors
that signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase …

Background Cancer staging and treatment presumes a division into localized or metastatic
disease. We proposed an intermediate state defined by≤ 5 cumulative metastasis (es) …

Hair follicles (HFs) undergo cyclical periods of growth, which are fueled by stem cells (SCs)
at the base of the resting follicle. HF-SC formation occurs during HF development and …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

E3 ligases are a class of enzymes that can transfer ubiquitin to substrates for their
degradation, which are of importance in cellular homeostasis. Since many oncogenic or …

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is implicated in human malignancy. Tumors may
escape the tumor suppressor activity of TGFβ by mutating some of its signaling components …

MiR-140 is a microRNA specially involved in chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis
pathogenesis. However, its transcriptional regulation and target genes in cartilage …

Accumulating evidence has illustrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligases critically participate in the
development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Dysregulation of E3 ubiquitin …