Serotonin modulates neuroplasticity, especially during early life, and dysfunctions in both
systems likewise contribute to pathophysiology of depression. Recent findings demonstrate …

Simple Summary The study of the hypothalamic neuromodulation of thermoregulation offers
broad areas of opportunity with practical applications that are currently being strengthened …

Research on avoidance conditioning began in the late 1930s as a way to use laboratory
experiments to better understand uncontrollable fear and anxiety. Avoidance was initially …

It is often said that fear is a universal innate emotion that we humans have inherited from our
mammalian ancestors by virtue of having inherited conserved features of their nervous …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

The brain's ability to associate different stimuli is vital for long-term memory, but how neural
ensembles encode associative memories is unknown. Here we studied how cell ensembles …

The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal
activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles …

Research on the neural systems underlying emotion in animal models over the past two
decades has implicated the amygdala in fear and other emotional processes. This work …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …