Global movement patterns of migratory birds illustrate their fascinating physical and
physiological abilities to cross continents and oceans. During their voyages, most birds land …

Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive pollutant that decreases environmental quality by
disrupting a suite of behaviors vital to perception and communication. However, even within …

Many aspects of the social environment affect hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis
function and increase circulating glucocorticoid concentrations. In this review, we examine …

1. Why Do We Measure Stress? 2. Quantifying Stress 3. Specific Measures of Fish Stress
3.1. Cellular and Molecular Indicators 3.2. Primary and Secondary Physiological Indicators …

Glucocorticoids hormones (GC s) are intuitively important for mediation of age‐dependent
vertebrate life‐history transitions through their effects on ontogeny alongside underpinning …

Prolonged high secretion of glucocorticoids normally reflects a state of chronic stress, which
has been associated with an increase in disease susceptibility and reduction in Darwinian …

Much of the understanding of the endocrine basis of stress in fish comes from studies of
cultured stocks of teleosts; there is comparatively little information on stress responses in …

Physiological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds is the most current and comprehensive
account of research on avian reproduction. It develops two unique themes: the consideration …

Glucocorticoids are hormones that mediate the energetic demands that accompany
environmental challenges. It is therefore not surprising that these metabolic hormones have …

Our goal in this review is to discuss how measures beyond simple quantification of total
glucocorticoid levels are needed in comparative studies of stress. We need to measure …