Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in the brain and is at the crossroad between
multiple metabolic pathways. Considering this, it was a surprise to discover that glutamate …

Müller cells are one of the primary glial cell types found in the retina and play a significant
role in maintaining retinal function and health. Since Müller cells are the only cell type to …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to
glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and …

Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in
vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude …

The mouse retina has been used extensively over the past decades to study both
physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Over time, various mouse retina models have …

The mammalian genome contains four genes encoding GABA transporters (GAT1, slc6a1;
GAT2, slc6a13; GAT3, slc6a11; BGT1, slc6a12) and five glutamate transporter genes …

Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective
and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism,
primarily in the mitochondria. Although ROS are essential participants in cell signaling and …

Neither normal brain function nor the pathological processes involved in neurological
diseases can be adequately understood without knowledge of the release, uptake and …