The vascular endothelium is a dynamic, functionally complex organ, modulating multiple
biological processes, including vascular tone and permeability, inflammatory responses …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Both conditions are rising in incidence as well as prevalence, creating poor …

Description: The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2017 Clinical
Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of …

Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality for
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although clustering of traditional risk factors with …

Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in aging, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney
disease (CKD). VC is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the CKD …

Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) encompasses laboratory
and bone abnormalities and vascular calcification and has deleterious effects on clinical …

Background Phosphate binders (calcium-based and calcium-free) are recommended to
lower serum phosphate and prevent hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney …

Mineral bone disease (MBD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
characterized by disruption of normal mineral homeostasis within the body. One or more of …

The kidney has the principal role in the maintenance of acid-base balance. Therefore, a
decrease in renal ammonium excretion and a positive acid balance often leading to a …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex and multifactorial disease, and one of the most
prevalent worldwide. Chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorders (CKD–MBD) with …