Climate change is expected to have strong implications for smallholder coffee farmers and
implementing adaptation measures would lessen their vulnerabilities. Adaptation measures …

Highlights•Four value systems underlie the debate on sustainability certification.•
Effectiveness of certification needs to address its counterfactuals of impacts.•Inclusiveness of …

Current food production and consumption trends are inconsistent with the Convention on
Biological Diversity's 2050 vision of living in harmony with nature. Here, we examine how …

Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana are the largest producers of cocoa in the world. In recent decades
the cultivation of this crop has led to the loss of vast tracts of forest areas in both countries …

Downstream companies in chocolate supply chains are increasingly engaged in improving
the sustainability of cocoa production, which requires a multidimensional understanding of …

Following severe forest loss in recent decades, Southeast Asian countries are increasingly
employing social forestry as a means to ensure the sustainable development of their forest …

Global agrifood companies' sustainability strategies have evolved to increasingly rely on self-
set voluntary commitments to address the persistent social and environmental challenges …

Agroforestry Concessions, foreseen by the new Peruvian Forest Law, anticipate integrating
thousands of small-scale farmers encroached on public forest land into the formal economy …

Background and aims Trade-offs between ecological benefits and potential yield and growth
reductions associated with the inclusion of shade trees in cocoa agroforests remain poorly …

Delineating the cropping area of cocoa agroforests is a major challenge in quantifying the
contribution of land use expansion to tropical deforestation. Discriminating cocoa …