The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned and characterized from several mammalian
species. The receptors are named adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A and A2B …

Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the
world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a …

The use of animals as models of human physiology is, and has been for many years, an
indispensable tool for understanding the mechanisms of human disease. In Parkinson's …

Background Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical
problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus …

Sleep control is ascribed to a two-process model, a widely accepted concept that posits
homoeostatic drive and a circadian process as the major sleep-regulating factors. Cognitive …

The amphetamine derivative (±)-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is
a popular recreational drug among young people, particularly those involved in the dance …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …