The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the
largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of …

Most non‐tetrapod vertebrates develop mineralized extra‐oral elements within the
integument. Known collectively as the integumentary skeleton, these elements represent the …

The wings of birds and their closest theropod relatives share a uniform fundamental
architecture, with pinnate flight feathers as the key component,,. Here we report a new …

Background Integration of diverse data (molecules, fossils) provides the most robust test of
the phylogeny of cetaceans. Positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character …

Cranial endocasts, or the internal molds of the braincase, are a crucial correlate for
investigating the neuroanatomy of extinct vertebrates and tracking brain evolution through …

The size and arrangement of fibres play a determinate role in the kinetic and energetic
performance of muscles. Extrapolations between fibre architecture and performance …

Background Living birds possess a unique heterogeneous pulmonary system composed of
a rigid, dorsally-anchored lung and several compliant air sacs that operate as bellows …

Musculature of the pectoral and pelvic appendages and girdles of adult and nestling
Maiasaura peeblesorum (Dinosauria: Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Late …

Sequence data from biomolecules such as DNA and proteins, which provide critical
information for evolutionary studies, have been assumed to be forever outside the reach of …

Here, we review the modern interface of three-dimensional (3D) empirical (eg motion
capture) and theoretical (eg modelling and simulation) approaches to the study of terrestrial …