Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

The theory is advanced that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive
substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation. This view is related to the theory …

Nicotine is the principal addictive component that drives continued tobacco use despite
users' knowledge of the harmful consequences. The initiation of addiction involves the …

Neuroleptic drugs disrupt the learning and performance of operant habits motivated by a
variety of positive reinforcers, including food, water, brain stimulation, intravenous opiates …

Considerable evidence demonstrates that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system
regulates nausea and vomiting in humans and other animals. The anti‐emetic effect of …

In 1953 Olds and Milner 9o discovered that animals would repeat acts that were followed by
delivery of electrical stimulation of the brain. This finding had important implications for …

Studies of the brain mechanisms of addictive drug actions suggest a two-factor model of
addiction. First, all addictive substances are argued to have psychomotor stimulant …

Drugs of abuse share with conventional reinforcers the activation of specific neural
pathways in the CNS that are the substrate of their motivational properties. Dopamine is …

The role of ascending noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems in intravenous
self-administration of cocaine in rats was investigated by examining the effects of 6 …

Great progress in the understanding of the mechanisms by which drugs influence behavior
has resulted from recent studies of the binding of drugs to receptors. While not all drugs …