Legumes, unlike most land plants, can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen‐fixing
bacteria to secure nitrogen for growth. The formation of nitrogen‐fixing nodules on legume …

Plants are now recognized as metaorganisms which are composed of a host plant
associated with a multitude of microbes that provide the host plant with a variety of essential …

New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium–legume
infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely …

Rhizobia adopt many different lifestyles including survival in soil, growth in the rhizosphere,
attachment to root hairs and infection and growth within legume roots, both in infection …

Root–nodule symbiosis between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia)
involves molecular communication between the two partners. Key components for the …

To suppress plant immunity and promote the intracellular infection required for fixing
nitrogen for the benefit of their legume hosts, many rhizobia use type III secretion systems …

A classic view of the evolution of mutualism is that it derives from a pathogenic relationship
that attenuated over time to a situation in which both partners can benefit. If this is the case …

Genomes from all of the crucial bacterial pathogens of humans, plants and animals have
now been sequenced, as have genomes from many of the important commensal, symbiotic …

Rhizobia—a diverse group of soil bacteria—induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules
on the roots of legumes. Nodulation begins when the roots initiate a molecular dialogue with …

Diverse gram-negative bacteria deliver effector proteins into the cells of their eukaryotic
hosts using the type III secretion system. Collectively, these type III effector proteins function …