Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature, provide important ecosystem services, and involve
many species of interest for conservation. Theoretical progress on the population dynamics …

In this article, a plant-nectar-pollinator (PNP) model has been generalized involving
Atangana-Baleanu fractional-order derivative. This new kind of derivative provide us …

Conditional mutualisms involve costs and benefits that vary with environmental factors, but
mechanisms driving these dynamics remain poorly understood. Scatterhoarder–plant …

The mechanism of seed dispersal mutualism is fundamental to understanding vegetation
diversity and its conservation. In this study, we propose a stochastic model that extends the …

A comprehensive framework for understanding species coexistence Coexistence is the
central concept in community ecology, but an understanding of this concept requires that we …

There is now good evidence that many mutualisms evolved from antagonism; why or how,
however, remains unclear. We advance the Co-Opted Antagonist (COA) Hypothesis as a …

Animals often change their behaviour in the presence of other species and the
environmental context they experience, and these changes can substantially modify the …

Specialisation enhances the efficiency of plant–pollinator networks through the exchange of
conspecific pollen transfer for floral resources. Floral resources form the currency of plant …

Mutualism describes the biological phenomenon where two or more species are reciprocally
beneficial, regardless of their ecological intimacy or evolutionary history. Classic theory …

The level of reproductive investment and density‐and distance‐dependent (DDD) processes
are major determinants of plant reproductive output. The reproductive investment of a plant …