Objective To review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in
chronic migraine. Background OnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive …

Every cell in nature carries a rich surface coat of glycans, its glycocalyx, which constitutes
the cell's interface with its environment. In eukaryotes, the glycocalyx is composed of …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins
known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the causative agent of botulism, is acknowledged to be the
most poisonous protein known. BoNT proteases disable synaptic vesicle exocytosis by …

Mammalian hosts interface intimately with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is
increasingly clear that molecular interactions between the nervous system and microbes …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly poisonous substances that are also effective
medicines. Accidental BoNT poisoning often occurs through ingestion of Clostridium …

Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in
severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming …

Gangliosides comprise a varied family of glycosphingolipid structures bearing one or more
sialic acid residues. They are found in all mammalian tissues but are most abundant in the …

Tetanus neurotoxin and botulinum neurotoxins are the causative agents of tetanus and
botulism. They block the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in susceptible …

The unique nerve terminal targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is due to its
capacity to bind two receptors on the neuronal plasma membrane: polysialoganglioside …