Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Adolescence is a period of dramatic neural reorganization creating a period of vulnerability
and the possibility for the development of psychopathology. The maturation of various neural …

The mesolimbic reward pathway is implicated in stress-related psychiatric disorders and is a
potential target of plasticity underlying the stress resistance produced by repeated voluntary …

Research on the inter-relationship between drug abuse and social stress has primarily
focused on the role of stress exposure during adulthood and more recently, adolescence …

Dopamine (DA) signaling is critical to the modulation of multiple brain functions including
locomotion, reinforcement, attention and cognition. The literature provides strong evidence …

Ketamine has shown promising antidepressant efficacy for adolescent treatment-resistant
depression. However, the potential enduring consequences of ketamine exposure have not …

The psychostimulants methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), amphetamine (Adderall), and
modafinil (Provigil) are widely used in the treatment of medical conditions such as attention …

The majority of animal studies on methylphenidate (MP) use intraperitoneal (IP) injections,
subcutaneous (SC) injections, or the oral gavage route of administration. While all these …

Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly diverted for recreational use, but the neurobiological
consequences of exposure to MPH at high, abused doses are not well defined. Here we …

The medical psychostimulant methylphenidate (MP) is used to treat attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder and recreationally as a “cognitive enhancer”. MP is a dopamine …